The Irish Examiner published her essay as part of their Centenary Commerations
The full project can be found on the Scoilnet
website
Na Fianna Éireann: The Lost
Boys of the Irish Revolution
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Monday, March 21,
2016
Sinéad Callanan, a student of
Castletroy College in Limerick, was a prizewinner in the all-island Decade
of Centenaries schools essay competition for this study of Na Fianna
Éireann
When men come to
write the history of the freeing of Ireland, they shall have to record that the
boys of Na Fianna Éireann stood in the battle gap until the Volunteers armed …
So said Patrick
Pearse in To the Boys of Ireland. Why, then, does it seem that he was mistaken?
Na Fianna, or the
Irish National Boy Scouts, played a vital role in the events of 1912 to 1922,
yet have been largely overlooked in most modern accounts of this time. Pearse
goes further still, asserting that ‘if the Fianna had not been founded in 1909,
the Volunteers of 1913 would never have arisen’.
He was speaking at
the beginning of 1914, barely four years into the Fianna’s existence, and
before many of the major events of the Irish Revolution. The Fianna was
instrumental in the formation and success of the Irish Volunteers, and the
arming of the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB), but they are rarely praised
or even mentioned anymore.
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| Fianna Éireann Ard Fheis 1915 Mansion House Liam Langaley seated fourth from left next to Sean Heuston |
The Fianna was
founded in Dublin in 1909. Scouting as a pastime was a relatively new concept,
having begun in England two years previously with the Baden Powell scouts.
In Ireland, Robert
Baden-Powell’s strong association with the British side in the Boer war made
the scouting movement suspect, so when he approached Patrick Pearse about
forming scout troops in Ireland, Pearse would not get involved.
There was however, an
admiration for the general scouting movement, and Na Fianna’s founders
determined that, although they would take their inspiration from the
Baden-Powell scouts, the Fianna would serve to counteract the British
influence, being ‘national in outlook and purpose’, with an overall aim of
gaining complete independence for Ireland.
This was very
appealing to many young boys from nationalist backgrounds, and Seán Prendergast
would later claim to have been drawn to the Fianna because it was ‘distinctly Irish,
non-political and non-sectarian’. The Fianna was to be a non-denominational
group, open to any boy whatever ‘class or creed or party they or their fathers
belonged to’.
Although they did not
follow any party lines, Garry Holohan, who was a member of the Fianna almost
from the beginning, admitted that he was soon moving towards ‘everything that
was Irish-Ireland’.
Bulmer Hobson, a
young IRB man, and Countess Constance Markievicz, an influential nationalist
from the Gore-Booth family, were the driving forces behind the organisation.
Countess Markievicz,
or Madam, as she was called by all the Fianna boys, had for some time been
petitioning Arthur Griffith to establish a Boys Corps of Sinn Féin.
Griffith however, was
strongly opposed to the idea, so Markievicz decided, with Seán McGarry and
Helena Molony, to start her own organisation called The Red Branch Knights,
after the legendary warriors of Cúchulainn.
Markievicz and the
others met with the knights, and even took them camping, several times in July
and August of 1909, but ultimately Markievicz began looking to Hobson to become
involved.
Hobson had, at the
age of 19, set up a boys’ hurling club in Belfast called Na Fianna Éireann, in
1902. This Fianna, although flourishing for a few years under Hobson’s care,
died down when Hobson moved to Dublin, and was completely extinct by the time
the new Fianna — this one with a more military spirit reflecting Hobson’s
rising position in the Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB) — was founded.
Possibly he was
motivated to set up this Fianna from his knowledge that a youth movement would
attract much less attention than an adult organisation, meaning they could
build up a trained military force (or at least the core of it) with very little
opposition from British authorities.
Markievicz and Hobson
first discussed working together to form a nationalist boy scout group in
August 1909, and on the 16th of that month the first meeting of Na Fianna
Éireann was held at 34, Lower Camden Street. The meeting was advertised in some
nationalist newspapers, including An Claidheamh Soluis, and Markievicz asked
William O’Neill, principal of St Andrew’s National School, to recommend it to
his pupils.
A boy was stationed
outside the front door of the meeting with a flag, answering questions and
inviting boys in. Hobson chaired the meeting, attended by about 100 boys, and
Markievicz spoke at it ‘in a patriotic strain’.
A prominent new
figure was the young Pádraic Ó Riain who, at the age of about 17, was to become
a leading force behind the Fianna. Con Colbert, Michael Lonergan, and Eamon
Martin were also present.
The initial
organisation of the Fianna was quite simple. The boys were organised into
squads, which led to sections, which led to sluaghs. The first sluagh was known
as An Céad Sluagh, and it was formed at the meeting in 34, Lower Camden Street.
Markievicz continued
to rent the building for them, and it remained their base. Sluaghs were
governed by district councils, and the whole Fianna was governed by the central
council, and by its executive committee.
Countess Markievicz circa 1900 to 1910.
The nationalist was one of the motivating forces behind the Irish equivalent of
the Boy Scouts - Na Fianna. She was known as Madam to the boys.
Representatives from
sluaghs, district councils and the central council attended the Árd Fheis every
year, the overall governing body and effectively the AGM of the Fianna, usually
held in the Mansion House.
The boys, aged eight
to 18, were sworn in under the oath ‘I promise to work for independence of
Ireland, never to join England’s armed forces, and to obey my superior
officers’.
Before they could be
fully fledged fiannaidhe, or fians, they had to get a uniform. The uniform
differed from sluagh to sluagh, with some wearing kilts and jerseys, some wearing
breeches and blouses, and all wearing different hats, haversacks, and
accessories.
The boys would save
for these, item by item. Moses Roche, a fian in Waterford, recalls how it was
his ‘greatest ambition at the time’ to be able to buy the full uniform.
This ensured all the
new members would be dedicated to the Fianna, as Seamus Prendergast attests to
when he describes what a ‘labour of love’ it was to save for the uniform.
Between the formation
of the Fianna in 1909 and the formation of the Irish Volunteers in 1913, the
Fianna mainly focussed on training the boys. The officers would learn skills
such as drill, first-aid, map-reading, scouting, signalling, musketry, and
field-sketching, and teach them to the boys.
They were also taught
the Irish language (from 1911, all orders were given in Irish), and the history
and legends of Ireland. The Fianna itself was named after the legendary band of
warriors of Fionn MacCumhaill, and emphasis was placed on important battles and
rebellions in Irish history. “In this way”, says Eamon Martin “the boys were
being given a reason for their own military training.”
This was the first
(nationalist) organisation in Ireland to be teaching these skills, so the
officers, for the most part, had to teach themselves skills such as scoutcraft
and map-reading from the Baden-Powell Scout Handbook, while they learned drill
and musketry from British Army manuals. They would learn Irish and history
through lectures given by men like Pearse, and they brought in doctors to teach
them first aid.
The Fianna grew
steadily in these first years, due to a large extent to the work done by the
Fianna officers Liam and Barney Mellows, who joined the Fianna as teenagers in
1911. They both became dedicated officers, and committed themselves to the
nationalist cause, yet outside of Fianna circles, Barney is known as ‘Liam
Mellows’s brother’.
Barney worked mainly
within the Fianna, training the youth, while Liam distinguished himself in the
more visible ‘adult’ movement, a clear example of the Fianna boys being
overlooked in Irish history.
Barney is often
mentioned in Bureau of Military History witness accounts, while Liam has had
books written about him. Much of the work Liam did involved touring the country
on his bicycle, going to ‘every city, town and village in Ireland’, encouraging
the local boys to set up their own sluagh.
By the end of 1912,
there were sluaighte in Dublin, Limerick, Cork, Belfast, Newry, Waterford,
Tralee, Derry, Athlone, Dundalk, Tuam, Sligo and Maryborough (now Portlaoise).
According to some
sources, while Mellows was on the road for the Fianna, he was also organising
circles of the IRB around the country. While some sources will deny this
vehemently, after the Volunteers were formed, Mellows took on the recruiting
role for the new organisation.
The activities of the
Fianna at this time were quite varied. While a cultural side was being
developed under Countess Markievicz, Hobson led a more militaristic group under
the guise of the ‘John Mitchell Literary and Debating Society’. This was the
codename for the Fianna circle of the IRB, which Hobson had established in
1912, and it was mainly made up of members of An Céad Sluagh and Sluagh Emmet
(all but An Céad Sluagh were named after nationalist heroes).
It included the Mellows
brothers, the Holohans, Seán Heuston and Pádraic Ó Riain, with Con Colbert at
the centre of the circle.
This group had an
extreme influence over the Fianna, and it was into this circle that Hobson
recruited members of the Fianna to the IRB. Éamon Martin estimates that, by
1913, ‘every senior officer throughout the country had become a member’.
Camping and route
marches had by now become standard, and many sluagh had their own piper or
bugle band. Céilís and feiseanna for Irish music, dance and drama were held
annually, and many sluagh were involved in the distribution of nationalist
newspapers and propaganda. For a time, they organised a postal system around
Dublin in order to boycott the British postal service.
One regular activity
of a sluagh in Cork was to send the boys around the city, asking for specific
Irish products in shops, so as to create a demand for them. There were regular
marches (often twice a week) and exhibits of first aid skills, drill, and
signalling.
The Fianna were the
first military organisation in Ireland of this time, and they acted as such.
They first drilled and paraded with hurleys, but even before they were able to
acquire arms, they were taught how to use various arms properly.
When they did succeed
in arming themselves, they would carry their weapons openly on the streets.
Another popular sidearm for the boys early-on was a bayonet. Even the youngest
of the Fianna was given instruction in arms, and this proved very useful to
them in later years.
When the IRB decided
to train its members for military action in July of 1913, it was natural that
the instructors would come from the John Mitchell Circle. Four of the senior
officers were selected for the job, namely Lonergan, Colbert, Ó Riain and
Martin, who at this stage were captains of various sluaighte which had been
formed in the city.
Lonergan had, from
the start, been a natural instructor, and was described by a scout in Sluagh
Emmet (of which Lonergan was captain) as being ‘so distinctive, so elegant, so
truly military’, and was thought of as ‘the perfect officer’.
Although none of the
officers had any military experience, on joining the Fianna they had, ‘by
intense swotting’, become expert in these skills, and at this time were among
the only people who could claim this.
‘The wisdom of the
founders of the Fianna was proved’ again less than a year later when the Irish
Volunteers were formed. Members of the Fianna’s executive committee had been
present at the organisational meetings prior to the public meeting.
When the Provisional
Committee of the Volunteers was established, there were five members of the
executive council of the Fianna on it: Bulmer Hobson, Pádraic Ó Riain, Éamon
Bulfin, Michael Lonergan and Liam Mellows (all of whom were in the John
Mitchell Circle). Because of the Fianna training, there were now instructors
and officers ready to train the thousands of new recruits.
A new rule was soon
introduced to the Fianna which affected the transfer of boys from the Fianna to
the Volunteers when they reached 18. This was very successful as it provided
the Volunteers with well-trained, disciplined men, and allowed the older Fianna
boys to move on.
When the women’s
section of the Volunteers, Cumann na mBan, was formed, the Fianna also provided
instructors to drill the recruits.
Soon after the
Volunteers were formed, there was a strong feeling that there should be an
effort made to arm them. The Ulster Volunteers had been armed and this put
added pressure on the new nationalist Volunteers.
These feelings came
to fruition on July 26, 1914, when Roger Casement and Erskine Childers landed
guns at Howth. This was a joint endeavour between the Dublin Brigade of the
Volunteers, and about 200 specially-selected Fianna boys.
The boys were told
they were going on a route march with the Volunteers, an increasingly common
practice. They brought their trek cart with them, which they usually used to
transport camp equipment, but it was now filled with homemade batons for the
defence of the guns.
The boys were told by
Ó Riain and Heuston, the organisers on the Fianna side, that the cart was full
of ‘minerals’. Fianna scouts were posted along the pier and blew their bugles
when they saw the yacht carrying Childers coming in.
When the boat was
close, Fianna boys handed the guns from the boat to the Volunteers, and filled
the trek cart with boxes of ammunition.
As soon as they were
finished, the Fianna and Volunteers were reformed, and started their march back
to the city. The Fianna was given the ammunition as it was ‘at that time the
only body with sufficient discipline to be entrusted with ammunition’.
On the return march,
the column came directly up against some British soldiers, who would not let
them pass. The Volunteers were anxious to fight the soldiers, and repeatedly
tried to get ammunition from the trek cart. However, the Fianna, having
received no orders to arm the men, defended the ammunition, and held back the
Volunteers.
The Fianna were also
involved in the Kilcoole gun-running, and a cycling corps of the Fianna helped
to ensure its success.
THE Fianna kept up
its traditions during these years and continued to operate as a separate body
to the Volunteers, although there was much co-operation and shared activities
between them.
It was, however,
around this time that the Fianna re-organised itself so that it took on the
same structure as the Volunteers, having companies and battalions where before
they had sluaghs and districts.
Some of the more
note- worthy activities around this time included the Fianna’s attendance at
the funeral of Jeremiah O’Donovan Rossa in Glasnevin on August 1, 1915, at
which it provided a guard of honour. It was at the annual pilgrimage to Wolfe
Tone’s grave in Bodenstown on the anniversary of his birthday, and the Fianna
had a minor involvement in the 1913 Strike and Lockout.
It would also
intimidate and sometimes attack British scouts who came to Ireland, and raid
British garrisons.
By Easter 1916 the
Fianna was well established as the training corps of the Volunteers. It played
a large part in the Rising, although there was no official Fianna post.
The officers were all
given assignments, and many of the senior officers led Volunteer battalions or
commanded outposts. The attack on the magazine fort in Phoenix Park (the first
of the Rising, and a sign for the Rising to begin) was carried out by Fianna
members, and led by the Fian Paddy Daly.
Younger members of
the Fianna worked throughout the city, dispatching, scouting, sourcing food and
ammunition, and acting as firstaiders and cooks. Two Fianna boys (Séan Howard
and Seán Healy) were killed during the Rising while carrying messages between
posts.
There was a camp
organised for the youngest members of the Fianna (the
boys aged 8-12)
during Easter week, so that they would be out of the city and out of danger.
Con Colbert and Seán Heuston, both officers of the Fianna, were executed by
British authorities for their part in the Rising.
The Fianna were the
first to re-organise after the Rising, having a meeting in Dublin just a month
later with all available officers (those who were not dead or in prison). There
was major re-organisation required, and Eamon Martin was elected chief.
There was from this
time a huge surge in the numbers of the Fianna, as more people came to the
nationalist cause. It went back to training the boys, and this set an example
to the Volunteers and IRB to rally too.
The threat of
conscription into the British army in 1918 brought it back to prominence as it
supplied the Volunteers with officers and instructors to cope with the
inundation of new nationalist recruits. This time, it wasn’t just the senior
officers who drilled the Volunteers, but ‘any urchin with training’ from the
Fianna.
When the newly
established Dáil took over the Volunteers as the Irish Republican Army in 1918,
the Fianna was officially recognised as its training corps. They have many
times since then been referred to as the ‘Senior Corps of the Old Army’, as
most Volunteers were trained by, or in, the Fianna.
When the War of
Independence came, the Fianna played much the same part as in the Rising,
supporting Volunteer (now IRA) battalions and carrying messages. This was
especially important in the country as people were being monitored, and smaller
boys could slip away with messages easier and quicker.
In Limerick, there
were travel restrictions at times so that only people under the age of 16 could
travel freely in and out of the city, which brought the importance of the
younger Fianna boys into the forefront. The Fianna everywhere did many of the
special duties such as scouting and intelligence work, and in some areas
special Fianna service units fought with the Volunteers.
Officially, the
Fianna took a strong anti-Treaty stance in the Civil War, distributing
anti-Treaty propaganda and attending anti-Treaty rallies. It is likely that any
pro-Treaty members left the Fianna quietly, and fought for the other side.
The Treaty certainly
caused a split in the Fianna, and it was never as strong after it. Hugh
MacNeill mournfully compares it to the fall of the Fianna of Fionn, which also
met its end in the ‘welter of civil strife’. During the Civil War, Fianna boys
were sometimes imprisoned for their activities, and in prison were treated as
political prisoners.
Although forms of the
Fianna have continued on over the years, the end of the Civil War was
effectively the end for the Fianna, and perhaps this is one of the reasons the
Fianna has been forgotten.
Through the years
1912 to 1922, however, they doubtless made a huge impact on the nationalist
cause and on the outlook of many Irish people. They carried on the tradition of
the Fenians, sometimes being referred to as the 3rd Fianna.
The first Fianna was
of course the Fianna of Fionn, and the second Fianna were the Fenians of the
18th and 19th centuries. The Fianna scouts took on the motto of Fionn’s Fianna,
‘Truth on our lips, purity in our hearts and faith in our arms’.
The emblem of the
Fianna was also rooted in Irish traditions. The sunburst is a traditional Irish
symbol which was said to have been used by Fionn’s Fianna, and was also used by
the Fenians.
The sunburst was used
later by Eoin MacNeill for the design of the Volunteer badge, and at the centre
of the badge there is an FF, for Fianna Fáil, or Warriors of Destiny.
When the political
party Fianna Fáil was established in 1926, it chose this as its name to keep
the tradition of the ancient Fianna going. The Fianna scouts undoubtedly had an
influence on this, as they were integral to the revival of the Fenian
traditions.
The Fianna impacted
on the Volunteers in many other ways. For example, in 1911, the Fianna started
giving orders through Irish and passed that practice on to the Volunteers. To
this day, the Irish army and, to a lesser extent, the Garda Síochana and civil service
give orders in Irish.
The Fianna was not
just a military body, it had an effect on the cultural goings-on and outlook of
the time. Through the events it organised, such as plays, ceilís and feiseanna,
it promoted Irish culture to the general public.
It also made people
more aware of the nationalist cause, as it distributed newspapers and
propaganda. Its dedication to remembering past rebels helped to educate and
revive people’s nationalist feelings.
The Fianna was also
the first to parade with the tricolour, and promoted the speaking of Irish on a
daily basis. Doubtless, the Fianna contributed greatly to Irish society at this
time.
However, by far the
greatest influence the Fianna had during these years was the training of the
Fianna boys. Not only did it train them to be soldiers, it trained them to be
soldiers for Ireland. The Fianna radicalised its boys for the nationalist cause
and its members became the adult rebels who would lead, not only the rebellion,
but the Irish Free State.
This is seen clearly
in a passage from Garry Holohan’s Bureau of Military History witness statement,
where he describes his feelings after having first read Ethna Carbery’s poems
while staying with some other Fianna boys at Hobson’s cottage.
“…I can assure you
they did much to fan the fires of patriotism to white heat. From now on my
outlook on life was completely changed. The Fianna was no longer a mere pastime
or social function. It became a sacred duty, and I began to bend my every
effort towards the freeing of Ireland. No task was too great or time too long…”
The Fianna created
dedicated soldiers which were devoted to the Irish cause. Those who were not
executed or killed became politicians, judges, teachers, writers and activists
who would become social changers and the leaders of society in the years that
followed.
The Fianna influenced
every aspect of Irish society at the time, but its real contribution to the
years 1912-1922, and after, was the dedicated, trained, and passionate young
men it gave to the nationalist cause
